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Protested game
Occurs in baseball, initiated by a manager

A protested game occurs in baseball when a manager believes that an umpire's decision is in violation of the official rules. In such cases, the manager can raise a protest by informing the umpires, and the game continues to be played "under protest." Protests were allowed in Major League Baseball (MLB) through the 2019 season, after which they were abolished, thus making all games official following their conclusion.

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Rules

Through the 2019 season, protests in Major League Baseball (MLB) were governed by Rule 7.04, "Protesting Games".1 Managers could initiate a protest "because of alleged misapplication of the rules", provided they notified the umpires "at the time the play under protest occurs and before the next pitch, play or attempted play" (in the case of a game-ending play, a protest could be filed with the league office by noon of the next day).2 A protested game was reviewed and adjudicated by the league president,3 or the executive vice president of baseball operations,45 who could order a game resumed (replayed from the point of the protested decision) only if finding the umpire's decision was in violation of the rules and the decision "adversely affected the protesting team’s chances of winning the game."67 A well-known example of a protested game in MLB was the Pine Tar Incident in 1983, which was the only time that a protested game in the American League was ordered replayed from the point-of-protest. An umpire's judgment call (such as balls and strikes, safe or out, fair or foul) could not be protested.8

In 2020, the provision to protest a game was removed, as Rule 7.04 now reads:91011

Protesting a game shall never be permitted, regardless of whether such complaint is based on judgment decisions by the umpire or an allegation that an umpire misapplied these rules or otherwise rendered a decision in violation of these rules.

Upheld protests in MLB

Upheld protests were a rare event; the below tables list upheld protests in MLB.

Resumed games

Through 2019, the last season during which protests were allowed in MLB, there were only 15 known occurrences of a protest being upheld and the game being resumed from the point at which the protest was raised.12 Of those 15 occurrences, the protesting team went on to win eight of the resumed games.

Key
Protesting team won the game
Protesting team lost the game
Upheld protests with game resumed from the point-of-protest
DateVenueProtesting teamInningOpposing teamNature of protestInitial resultFinalRef.
August 30, 1913Baker Bowl, PhiladelphiaNew York Giants9th (top)Philadelphia PhilliesLeague president overruled a forfeit ruling by an umpire (who had awarded the game to the Giants) and awarded the game to the Phillies, who had been leading 8–6 at the time.13 The Giants' protest of the league president's decision was upheld by the league's board of the directors, who ordered the game played to completion.14Phillies 8Giants 6Phillies 8Giants 61516
July 5, 1920Polo Grounds, New York CityPhiladelphia Phillies7th (top)New York GiantsPlacement of runners following a Phillies pop-up that was not caught; one umpire had ruled a force out, the other an infield fly.Giants 6Phillies 0Giants 13Phillies 01718
May 28, 1921Forbes Field, PittsburghPittsburgh Pirates8th (bottom)Cincinnati RedsUmpires allowed a rundown to occur after the ball had been thrown into the Reds' dugout and thrown back to a player.Reds 3Pirates 2Pirates 4Reds 31920
July 2, 1934Wrigley Field, ChicagoSt. Louis Cardinals7th (bottom)Chicago CubsInfield fly was not called on a Cubs' pop-up in front of the plate with the bases loaded and one out.Cubs 7Cardinals 4Cubs 7Cardinals 12122
June 5, 1943Sportsman's Park, St. LouisPhiladelphia Phillies8th (middle)St. Louis CardinalsGame called on account of rain; Cardinals' grounds crew did not cover the field properly.Cardinals 1Phillies 0Phillies 2Cardinals 12324
June 13, 1943Polo Grounds, New York CityNew York Giants9th (top)Philadelphia PhilliesA Phillies batter deliberately stepped into a pitch, which should be ruled an out, but was not ruled out.Phillies 6Giants 3Giants 4Phillies 32526
August 17, 1947Shibe Park, PhiladelphiaBrooklyn Dodgers7th (bottom)Philadelphia PhilliesDeliberate stalling tactics by the Phillies after allowing a run in the top of the 7th inning so that the game would be halted due to curfew and roll back to the 6th inning tied score.27Dodgers 4Phillies 4Dodgers 7Phillies 52829
August 25, 1948Forbes Field, PittsburghPittsburgh Pirates9th (bottom)Brooklyn DodgersIllegal substitution by Brooklyn; pitcher replaced before he had finished pitching to one batter.30Dodgers 11Pirates 9Pirates 12Dodgers 113132
September 22, 1954County Stadium, MilwaukeeCincinnati Reds9th (top)Milwaukee BravesUmpires ruled a Reds baserunner out after batter ran to first on an uncaught third strike (although already out) and drew a throw, which went into the outfield.Braves 3Reds 1Braves 4Reds 33334
August 1, 1971Veterans Stadium, PhiladelphiaSt. Louis Cardinals12th (top)Philadelphia PhilliesUmpires called game after rain delay, reverting 6–3 Cardinals lead into 3–3 tie (score at end of 11th inning). Cardinals' protest was upheld, as unplayable field was due to breakdown of Phillies' rain removal machine.Cardinals 3Phillies 3Cardinals 9Phillies 635
May 15, 1975Jarry Park, MontrealAtlanta Braves4th (bottom)Montreal ExposUmpires called game after rain delay, negating a 4–1 Braves lead (game not yet official, so would have been replayed in its entirety). Braves protested, asserting umpires didn't wait long enough or test condition of field.No gameBraves 5Expos 436
August 21, 1979Shea Stadium, New York CityHouston Astros9th (top)New York MetsUmpires disallowed a single by Houston batter Jeffrey Leonard that had occurred with Mets first baseman Ed Kranepool not on the field. League president Chub Feeney upheld protest and ruled that Leonard's hit was valid.Mets 5Astros 0Mets 5Astros 03738
July 24, 1983Yankee Stadium, New York CityKansas City Royals9th (top)New York YankeesPine Tar Incident: Umpires called Royals batter George Brett out after using a bat with too much pine tar on the handle.Yankees 4Royals 3Royals 5Yankees 439
June 16, 1986Three Rivers Stadium, PittsburghPittsburgh Pirates6th (top)St. Louis CardinalsPirates protested umpires' decision to call the game on account of rain; didn't wait long enough.Cardinals 4Pirates 1Cardinals 4Pirates 240
August 19, 2014Wrigley Field, ChicagoSan Francisco Giants5th (middle)Chicago CubsGiants protested umpires' decision to call the game on account of rain; Cubs' grounds crew had difficulty covering the field during sudden heavy rain.Cubs 2Giants 0Cubs 2Giants 14142

Non-resumed games

There have been other instances of a protest being upheld, with the game not resumed from the point at which the protest was raised; most often, the game was ordered replayed. In one instance, the game was declared a no contest, and in another instance, the protesting team was declared the winner without further play being ordered.43 Examples include:

Upheld protests with other remedy
DateVenueProtesting teamInningOpposing teamNature of protestOutcomeRef.
May 7–8, 1902West Side Park, ChicagoNew York Giants—Chicago OrphansThe pitcher's plate (pitching rubber) was found to be the wrong distance from home plate. New York's protest was upheld, and the league ordered the games to be replayed.Replayed4445
October 2, 1912West Side Park, ChicagoPittsburgh Pirates10th (bottom)Chicago CubsChicago won in extra innings, with the winning run driven in by a player who batted out of order. The basis of Pittsburgh's protest was that "the umpire was required to call attention to any infraction of the rules." The protest was upheld and the game result was simply removed from the league standings, as the protest was ruled on late in the 1912 season, with both teams out of pennant contention.No contest4647
August 30, 1913Baker Bowl, PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia Phillies9th (top)New York GiantsUmpire forfeited game to Giants due to behavior of Phillies' fans, negating an 8–6 Phillies lead.Phillies awarded victory484950
May 14, 1914Federal League Park, BuffaloChicago Whales9th (bottom)Buffalo BluesUmpire's ruling following a dropped ball on an infield fly. League president upheld the protest and ordered the entire game replayed.51Replayed525354
June 19, 1915Terrapin Park, BaltimoreBaltimore Terrapins1st (top)Chicago WhalesUmpire allowed a Chicago player to score after he had left the field and gone to the bench. League president upheld the protest and ordered the entire game replayed.55Replayed5657
April 17, 1917Braves Field, BostonPhiladelphia Phillies2nd (top)Boston BravesUmpire ruled a Phillies player out for running outside the base path, on a play when the runner was not avoiding a tag. League president upheld the protest and ordered the entire game replayed.Replayed5859
August 19, 1917Navin Field, DetroitWashington Senators9th (bottom)Detroit TigersDetroit's third base coach (Ty Cobb) touched the Detroit baserunner who scored the winning run of the game as he rounded third base. League president upheld the protest and ordered the entire game replayed.Replayed6061
June 3, 1918Ebbets Field, BrooklynBrooklyn Robins6th (top)St. Louis CardinalsA Cardinals baserunner reached third base, started to run back to second base, then ran directly to home plate without re-touching third base; umpire allowed the run to count. League president upheld the protest and ordered the entire game replayed.Replayed6263
July 28, 1924Sportsman's Park, St. LouisSt. Louis Browns9th (bottom)Boston Red SoxUmpire's misunderstanding of substitutions led to the Browns batting out of order. League president upheld the protest and ordered the entire game replayed.Replayed6465
July 20, 1947Ebbets Field, BrooklynSt. Louis Cardinals9th (top)Brooklyn DodgersWith the Cardinals leading 2–0, their batter hit a deep drive that was signaled as not a home run by one umpire. The batter, in running the bases, slowed up after seeing it signaled as a home run by another umpire and was thrown out at the plate; this was the basis of the protest. The protest was upheld, however the remedy was not to re-play the game from the point of protest; the league president ruled that the home run would count. As the Dodgers had gone on to score three runs in the bottom of the ninth, this turned a 3–2 Dodgers win into a 3–3 tie. The tie game stands as an official result, with all individual records counting. A replay of the tied game was held on August 18, 1947, which was won by the Dodgers.Replayed66676869

Notes

Further reading

References

  1. "Official Baseball Rules" (PDF). Major League Baseball. 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2019 – via MLB.com. https://content.mlb.com/documents/2/2/4/305750224/2019_Official_Baseball_Rules_FINAL_.pdf ↩

  2. "Official Baseball Rules" (PDF). Major League Baseball. 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2019 – via MLB.com. https://content.mlb.com/documents/2/2/4/305750224/2019_Official_Baseball_Rules_FINAL_.pdf ↩

  3. "Official Baseball Rules" (PDF). Major League Baseball. 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2019 – via MLB.com. https://content.mlb.com/documents/2/2/4/305750224/2019_Official_Baseball_Rules_FINAL_.pdf ↩

  4. "What is a Protested Game?". MLB.com. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.mlb.com/glossary/rules/protested-game ↩

  5. Imber, Gil (October 5, 2012). "St. Louis Cardinals vs. Atlanta Braves: Umpires Get Infield Fly Rule Call Right". Bleacher Report. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1360712-cardinals-vs-braves-infield-fly-rule-protest-denied-as-umpires-get-call-right ↩

  6. "Official Baseball Rules" (PDF). Major League Baseball. 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2019 – via MLB.com. https://content.mlb.com/documents/2/2/4/305750224/2019_Official_Baseball_Rules_FINAL_.pdf ↩

  7. In practice, if the protesting team went on to win the game, their protest was considered moot, although MLB rules did not specifically state this. ↩

  8. "Official Baseball Rules" (PDF). Major League Baseball. 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2019 – via MLB.com. https://content.mlb.com/documents/2/2/4/305750224/2019_Official_Baseball_Rules_FINAL_.pdf ↩

  9. Official Baseball Rules (PDF) (2020 ed.). Major League Baseball. pp. vii, 94. ISBN 978-1-7348793-0-8. Retrieved June 2, 2021 – via amazonaws.com. 978-1-7348793-0-8 ↩

  10. Official Baseball Rules (PDF) (2021 ed.). Major League Baseball. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-62937-893-0. Retrieved June 8, 2021 – via mlbstatic.com. 978-1-62937-893-0 ↩

  11. Official Baseball Rules (PDF) (2023 ed.). Major League Baseball. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-63727-284-8. Retrieved June 27, 2024 – via mlbstatic.com. 978-1-63727-284-8 ↩

  12. "Resumed Protested Games". Retrosheet. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.retrosheet.org/protests.htm ↩

  13. See entry of the same date in the table in the following section. ↩

  14. Although started in Philadelphia, the game was completed in New York at Polo Grounds, reportedly "the first time in the history of major league baseball a game started in one city [was] finished in another."[8] /wiki/Polo_Grounds ↩

  15. "Philadelphia Phillies 8, New York Giants 6". Retrosheet. August 30, 1913. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1913/B08300PHI1913.htm ↩

  16. "08/30/1913 - New York at Philadelphia NL". Retrosheet. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.retrosheet.org/pr130830.htm ↩

  17. "New York Giants 13, Philadelphia Phillies 0 (2)". Retrosheet. July 5, 1920. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1920/B07052NY11920.htm ↩

  18. "Resumed Protested Game: 7/5/1920". Retrosheet. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.retrosheet.org/pr200705.htm ↩

  19. "Pittsburgh Pirates 4, Cincinnati Reds 3". Retrosheet. May 28, 1921. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1921/B05280PIT1921.htm ↩

  20. "Protested Game". Retrosheet. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.retrosheet.org/newslt10.htm#Protested ↩

  21. "Chicago Cubs 7, St. Louis Cardinals 1". Retrosheet. July 2, 1934. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1934/B07020CHN1934.htm ↩

  22. "Resumed Protested Game: 7/2/1934". Retrosheet. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.retrosheet.org/pr340702.htm ↩

  23. "Philadelphia Phillies 2, St. Louis Cardinals 1". Retrosheet. June 5, 1943. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1943/B06050SLN1943.htm ↩

  24. "Resumed Protested Game: 6/5/1943". Retrosheet. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.retrosheet.org/pr430605.htm ↩

  25. "New York Giants 4, Philadelphia Phillies 3 (2)". Retrosheet. June 13, 1943. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1943/B06132NY11943.htm ↩

  26. "Resumed Protested Game: 6/13/1943". Retrosheet. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.retrosheet.org/pr430613.htm ↩

  27. Though the game was resumed as if it was protested by the Dodgers, it is unknown if the Dodgers actually protested this game or if then-NL President (and future Commissioner) Ford Frick made the ruling solely after reading the umpire’s report of the Phillies’ stalling tactics.[21] /wiki/Ford_Frick ↩

  28. "Brooklyn Dodgers 7, Philadelphia Phillies 5 (2)". Retrosheet. August 17, 1947. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1947/B08172PHI1947.htm ↩

  29. "Resumed Protested Game: 8/17/1947". Retrosheet. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.retrosheet.org/pr470821.htm ↩

  30. Although started in Pittsburgh, the game was completed in Brooklyn at Ebbets Field. The resumption is the first known time in modern major-league history that a team got a walk-off at their opponent’s stadium. /wiki/Ebbets_Field ↩

  31. "Pittsburgh Pirates 12, Brooklyn Dodgers 11". Retrosheet. August 25, 1948. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1948/B08250PIT1948.htm ↩

  32. "Pirate Protest Upheld". Press & Sun-Bulletin. Binghamton, New York. UP. August 26, 1948. p. 25. Retrieved July 29, 2019 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34365832/pirate_protest_upheld/ ↩

  33. "Milwaukee Braves 4, Cincinnati Reds 3". Retrosheet. September 22, 1954. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1954/B09220MLN1954.htm ↩

  34. "Reds-Braves Game Protest Upheld by NL". The Morning Call. Allentown, Pennsylvania. AP. September 24, 1954. p. 27. Retrieved July 29, 2019 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34366085/redsbraves_game_protest_upheld_by_nl/ ↩

  35. "St. Louis Cardinals 9, Philadelphia Phillies 6". Retrosheet. August 1, 1971. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1971/B08010PHI1971.htm ↩

  36. "Atlanta Braves 5, Montreal Expos 4". Retrosheet. May 15, 1975. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1975/B05150MON1975.htm ↩

  37. "New York Mets 5, Houston Astros 0". Retrosheet. August 21, 1979. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1979/B08210NYN1979.htm ↩

  38. "Astros win protest, still lose game to Mets". The StarPhoenix. Saskatoon. AP. August 23, 1979. p. D4. Retrieved July 29, 2019 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34377538/astros_win_protest_still_lose_game_to/ ↩

  39. "Kansas City Royals 5, New York Yankees 4". Retrosheet. July 24, 1983. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1983/B07240NYA1983.htm ↩

  40. "St. Louis Cardinals 4, Pittsburgh Pirates 2". Retrosheet. June 16, 1986. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1986/B06160PIT1986.htm ↩

  41. "Chicago Cubs 2, San Francisco Giants 1". Retrosheet. August 19, 2014. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/2014/B08190CHN2014.htm ↩

  42. Nightengale, Bob (August 20, 2014). "Giants win protest over rain-shortened Cubs game". USA Today. Retrieved August 17, 2019. https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/2014/08/20/san-francisco-giants-chicago-cubs-protest-rain-tarp-wrigley-field/14365471/ ↩

  43. This ruling by the league president was challenged, and the league's board of directors ordered the game resumed. See entry of the same date in the table in the prior section. ↩

  44. "New York's Protest Upheld". Indianapolis Journal. June 4, 1902. p. 2. Retrieved July 30, 2019 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34383690/new_yorks_protest_upheld/ ↩

  45. "New York's Protest Upheld (cont'd)". Indianapolis Journal. June 4, 1902. p. 2. Retrieved July 30, 2019 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34383714/new_yorks_protest_upheld_contd/ ↩

  46. "Dumb Work by Manager Clarke". The Buffalo Times. Buffalo, New York. October 3, 1912. p. 18. Retrieved July 30, 2019 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34383396/dumb_work_by_manager_clarke/ ↩

  47. "Pittsburgh's Protest Upheld by Lynch". Washington Times. Washington, D.C. October 14, 1912. p. 10. Retrieved July 30, 2019 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34383423/pittsburghs_protest_upheld_by_lynch/ ↩

  48. This ruling by the league president was challenged, and the league's board of directors ordered the game resumed. See entry of the same date in the table in the prior section. ↩

  49. "Philadelphia Phillies 8, New York Giants 6". Retrosheet. August 30, 1913. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1913/B08300PHI1913.htm ↩

  50. "08/30/1913 - New York at Philadelphia NL". Retrosheet. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.retrosheet.org/pr130830.htm ↩

  51. Protest occurred within the Federal League, which is considered to have been a major league. /wiki/Federal_League ↩

  52. "Tinker to Protest Game". The Indianapolis Star. May 15, 1914. p. 7. Retrieved July 30, 2019 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34401381/tinker_to_protest_game/ ↩

  53. "Tinker Protests Yesterday's Game". Buffalo Evening News. Buffalo, New York. May 15, 1914. p. 16. Retrieved July 30, 2019 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34399616/tinker_protests_yesterdays_game/ ↩

  54. "Tinker's Protest Upheld". The New York Times. May 23, 1914. p. 9. Retrieved July 30, 2019 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34401140/tinkers_protest_upheld/ ↩

  55. Protest occurred within the Federal League, which is considered to have been a major league. /wiki/Federal_League ↩

  56. "Protest by Baltimore". The Star Press. The Star Press. June 20, 1915. p. 11. Retrieved July 31, 2019 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34419295/protest_by_baltimore/ ↩

  57. "Buffalo Protest Upheld". St. Joseph News-Press. St. Joseph, Missouri. July 9, 1915. p. 16. Retrieved July 31, 2019 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34419306/buffalo_protest_upheld/ ↩

  58. Lieb, Frederick G. (April 28, 1917). "Phillies' Protest Upheld by Tener". The Sun. New York City. p. 13. Retrieved August 3, 2019 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34514142/phillies_protest_upheld_by_tener/ ↩

  59. "Karpe's Comment on Sports Topics (column)". Buffalo Evening News. Buffalo, New York. May 4, 1917. p. 20. Retrieved August 3, 2019 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34514209/karpes_comment_on_sports_topics/ ↩

  60. "Ty Cobb Touches Runner and Griffith Protests Game". The Boston Globe. August 20, 1917. p. 5. Retrieved August 3, 2019 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34514386/ty_cobb_touches_runner_and_griffith/ ↩

  61. "Griffith's Protest Upheld". The Sun. New York City. September 21, 1917. p. 13. Retrieved August 3, 2019 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34514409/griffiths_protest_upheld/ ↩

  62. "St. Louis Trims Dodgers". The Lancaster Daily Intelligencer. Lancaster, Pennsylvania. June 4, 1918. p. 9. Retrieved August 3, 2019 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34514652/st_louis_trims_dodgers/ ↩

  63. "Dodgers Protest is Upheld by Tener". The Daily Standard Union. Brooklyn. June 15, 1918. p. 15. Retrieved August 3, 2019 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34514678/dodgers_protest_is_upheld_by_tener/ ↩

  64. "Sox Victors, 10-5 Browns to Protest". The Boston Globe. July 29, 1924. p. 8. Retrieved August 3, 2019 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34514997/sox_victors_105_browns_to_protest/ ↩

  65. "Sisler's Protest Upheld by Johnson". Democrat and Chronicle. Rochester, New York. August 18, 1924. p. 25. Retrieved August 3, 2019 – via newspapers.com. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34515018/sislers_protest_upheld_by_johnson/ ↩

  66. The original game of July 20, 1947, was ruled a tie. ↩

  67. "Resumed Protested Games". Retrosheet. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.retrosheet.org/protests.htm ↩

  68. "Brooklyn Dodgers 3, St. Louis Cardinals 3". Retrosheet. July 20, 1947. Retrieved July 29, 2019. https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1947/B07200BRO1947.htm ↩

  69. Smith, David W. (2004). "Protest Upheld, Computer Software Confounded" (PDF). The Baseball Research Journal. Vol. 33. pp. 34–35. ISBN 0-910137-97-8 – via SABR. 0-910137-97-8 ↩